The American Of The United States - 891 Words

The world has come to a point where one thinks they need to be cruel or unforgiving. In contrast, all lives matter, and there shouldn’t be one person over the other. Likewise, the U.S. Government was built on greatness by immigrants such as the great scientist Albert Einstein, or the Chinese immigrants that help build the railroad system. The world is in turmoil and the U.S. must not loose sight on the country’s greatness, which is civility. Forever, the U.S. will be known for being the land of free, where people have the opportunity to get an education, or provide for their family. In all fairness, most immigrants do not want to hurt America, but seek an opportunity for a better way of life in supporting families, escaping poverty, and obtaining higher learning. Above all, most immigrants are just like Americans seeking a better way to provide for their families. In Cuba, the average rate a day is approximately 466 pesos, and equals about $22 a day in the U.S. (http:// www.havanatimes.org/?p=97506) If an American made $22 dollars a day they would certainly consider it to be the complete opposite of rightfulness. Costs are through the roof and owning anything would be out of the question. Although, Cubans are a small percentage of the U.S population they still migrate to the states by the thousands in search for jobs. In comparison, Mexico might be in a slight better situation, but its still a poor country and millions flee to America looking for the goodness that allShow MoreRelatedThe American Of The United States778 Words   |  4 PagesInduction From before it begins the Untied States has been a nation of immigrants. In 1607 the Virginia company of London sent a 34 Man crew to the new world efforts to find new land. These first ever settlers were the first immigrants to enter the Untied States. Immigrates would continue to flow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage wasRead MoreThe American Of The United States1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is one of the largest countries that are made up of individuals from diverse origins and cultures. In addition, most foreigners from the other parts of the world migrated to the U.S, or become American citizens under different circumstances, especially during the 18th, 19th and the 20th centuries. Black Americans for example, arose in the American culture as a result of the numerous Africans who were being sold to the whites in order for them to work in the cotton and pyrethrumRead MoreThe American Of The United States Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrated, women from Central America left their homes to seek employment in the United States for domestic work for a variety of reasons and factors. During the 1960s and 1970s the demographics of migrants from Central America start ed to shift. Originally men were the primary immigrants to migrate to the United States for jobs in agriculture. However, as the openings in the domestic work industry formed, Central American women started to pioneer their own labor migration. An example of this can beRead MoreThe American Of The United States1095 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, the United States government made it their mission to expend from the east coast all the way to the west coast. Unfortunately the lands they wanted to expand into were already claimed by the natives that settled there centuries before. In order to deal with this obstacle, The united states’ government used many strategies to combat what was referred to as the ‘indian problem’ including: confiscating their lands, relocating the to reservations and killing them .The United States went againstRead MoreThe American Of The United States Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesWhenever one finds themselves involved in the age-old debat e of whether citizens of the United States, are greedy or generous, their arguments are usually fueled by opinion rather than fact. The fact of the matter is, that citizens of the United States on average are magnanimous people. The evidence to support this claim is that American citizen’s rank 2nd in the world in charity, the fact that most Americans are generous because of their moral and religious upbringings, and that generosity makesRead MoreThe American Of The United States1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has always been a progressive nation from its start in the 1700s and eventual revolution against the British. After a rocky start as an independent nation, the U.S. began to expand create its own laws and ideas of democracy as well as trade throughout the world. Much of this intercultural trading and exploration of Manifest Destiny allowed the U.S. to grow economically, culturally, physically, and politically. Emerging as one of the more powerful nations, t he U.S. became a brightRead MoreThe American Of The United States817 Words   |  4 PagesInduction From before its begins the Untied States has been a nation of immigrants. In 1607 the Virginia company of London sent a 34 Man crew to the new world efforts to find new land. These first ever settlers were the first immigrants to enter the Untied States. Immigrates would continue to flow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage wasRead MoreThe American Of The United States1022 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War Two ended finally in the summer of nineteen forty-five. Life in the United States began to return to normal. Soldiers began to come home and find peacetime jobs. Industry stopped producing war equipment and began to produce goods that made peacetime life pleasant. The American economy was stronger than ever. Some major changes began to take place in the American population. Many Americans were not satisfied with their old ways of life. They wanted something better. And many people wereRead MoreThe American Of The United States Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the American colonies declared themselves independent from on their mother country, Britain, on July 4, 1776, they sought to devise a plan to govern themselves without the constraints that had been imposed on them leading to their detachment. Prominent leaders in the thirteen colonies worked together to strike the perfect balance between the rights of the federal government and the rights of the states. On June 12, 1776, a committee was formed to put together a document that would bring togetherRead MoreThe American Of The United States1192 Words   |  5 Pagesassociations designed to promote the interests of particular groups—debtors, farmers, artisans, seaman (74)† were emerging throughout the states. In order to get their points across, they frequently resorted to vigilante methods. As soon as the war stopped, trade with the British seemed to start where it left off. British ships clogged American harbors and traders offered Americans low, easy credit. All classes lived in moderate luxury even if they could not afford it. Those still committed to the ideal of

Human Resource Management Tesco - 1007 Words

This assignment focus on analyzing human resource management in two companies: Tesco and Sainsbury which are in retail industry. It will highlight key area: human resource management, motivation, employment low. Tesco plc is the largest retailer in UK, as well as being a highly significant retailer globally.Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery, and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom, that was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen .It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and second-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues. It has stores in 12 countries across Asia and Europe and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of around 28.4%), Ireland, Hungary, Thailand and Malaysia. Tesco is a UK-focused grocery retailer, since the early 1990s has increasingly diversified geographically and into areas such as the retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, toys, petrol and software; financial services; telecoms and internet services. Sainsbury plc is a leading UK and US food retailer with interests in financial services and property. The group comprises Sainsbury s Supermarkets and Sainsbury s Bank in the UK and Shaw s Supermarkets in the US. Sainsbury s Supermarkets was established in 1869 by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury and is Britain s longest-standing major food retailing chain. The founder s principles and values guide us stronglyShow MoreRelatedTesco Human Resource Management1378 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: Human resources will be consider as important issue when there is a focus of achieving organizational goal and objectives or revising of company policy, employee issues or whether it’s an issues of delivering products and services to the user. Human resource management ensures that organization hold the desired skills required to perform the operations effectively and efficiently. HRM focus on two main factors which are appropriate approach and activities. It refers to the procedureRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management at Tesco Plc3561 Words   |  15 Pagesbusiness school | Strategic Human Resource Management at Tesco Plc | An analysis of Tesco’s strategic HR and employee relationship management | | Abdul Latif Sultan (s1010402) | 4/1/2011 | Standard APA referencing style used Reference list presented at the end of the paper Word Count: 3009 This paper has been submitted at the University of Gloucestershire in partial fulfillment of the Masters in Business Administration course module ‘Strategic Human Resource Management,’ under the able guidanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management Is The Key Approach For The Organization1680 Words   |  7 Pagesstability. Human Resource Management plays a main role in the business to carry out greatest capability in an extremely fulfilling way. Human Resource Management is the key approach for the organizations. The people working independently and collectively together contribute for the success of the objectives in the commerce. It is as well termed as personnel management as the procedure is involved in organizing people. Human Resource Management employee s people, build up their resources, exploit,Read MoreDifferentiate Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management1500 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. Differentiate between personnel management and human resource management Human Resource Management (HRM) is the purpose within an organization that aims to recruit, manage and provide directions for the people who work in an organization. The HRM department members supply the understanding, training, coaching and management advice, this allows the rest of the organization to operate successfully. The Human Resources (HR) are the people that staff and operate an organization, these people areRead MoreHuman Resource Management1145 Words   |  5 PagesWithin my assignment I would be looking at the effective operation of the human resource management, in terms of recruitment, as well as selection. Within these topics I would be critically discuss how they contribute to organisations, as well as the effect they have on the business. Select two topics from the list below and critically discuss how they contribute to the effective operation of the Human Resouce Management function. Your discussion must include theories and organisational examplesRead MoreThe Requirements Of An Organization1588 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to operate within the systematic manner, it is important for organisations like Tesco to cover the related phases and processes as provided in the following figure: Figure 1: Systematic Approach to Training †¢ Aim of organisation The aim of Tesco is to maximise its profitability levels while being competitive in the industry and among competitors. It is known that understanding the aim of the organisation under consideration is important to gain awareness about fulfilling the needs of jobRead MoreTesco1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthe organization. (Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources). Also, it will explain the key stakeholders of the organization and the key issues in managing stakeholders. Furthermore, it will include a SWOT analysis and a Power and Interest Matrix about Tesco. Business functions In the case study of Tesco, it is stated that they will appoint more staff to win their customers back. This step is related to Human Resource Management. HRM is activity, which include recruitment and definingRead MoreHrm on Tesco3698 Words   |  15 PagesInternational and Comparative Human Resource Management Muhammad Rasool | Submitted By : Muhammad Rasool Student ID : L0288SASA1011 Module : International and Comparative Human Resource Management Semester : 6 Submitted To : Rajendra Kumar amp; Tatiana Pavlovsky [TESCO] | | Table of Contents S. No | CONTENTS | Page No. | 1 | Abstract | 3 | 2 | Introduction | 4 | Executive Summary | 3 | Background of the Tesco | 5 | 4 | MissionRead MoreHrm at Tesco4846 Words   |  20 Pages ANALYSING AND EVALUATING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION The functionality of an organisation is primarily based on many competencies which determine how well an organisation performs. Human Resource Management is one aspect within Project management that plays a significant role. Tesco PLC has become one of the leading retailers in the UK, as well as worldwide over the years. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, he began selling groceries from a stallRead MoreThe Hr Management : The Job Of Human Resource Management1146 Words   |  5 Pages1a.Personnel management is an administrative function of an organization that exists to provide the personnel needed for organizational activities and to manage the general employee-employer relationship Human resource management; The job of human resource management is to ensure that the organization has the human capital it needs to accomplish its goals. (Account management, 2009) KPMG; HR management 1.They make available the required training development any staff need right from recruitment 2

Hygiene and Young People Free Essays

‘Your health, safety and welfare are protected by law.’ Everyone working with children and young people must be aware of their legal obligation in relation to keep children safe and healthy. (Source: Health Safety Executive, 1999) Health and safety legislation at work Act 1974: Setting with five or more employees must have a written safety policy which must include specific procedure to cover emergencies such as accidents and events that require evacuation of the building (Fire event) Setting with five or more employees must carry out a risk assessment Employees must provide for health and safety Display a health and safety laws poster or supply employees with a booklet Make your work place as safe as possible Decide how to manage health and safety if the business has five or more employees COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002): The employers are required to ensure all dangerous materials, cleaning material, medicines are kept separately in a marked, locked cupboard. We will write a custom essay sample on Hygiene and Young People or any similar topic only for you Order Now RIDDOR (Reporting injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995): This means all setting must provide an accident report book. Any injury that requires a member of staff to take more than three days off work must also be reported. Food safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995: The setting which prepare or provide food for children must register with the Environmental Health Department of the local authority. The people who have handling food should undertake the Basic Food Hygiene Certificate. Food handling Regulations 1995 Washing hands before preparing food Making sure the surfaces and utensils you use are clean and hygiene Food is  stored safety at the correct temperature Disposing of waste hygienically Use of chopping boards, separate sinks Policies and Procedure: Children and young people will always take a risk from running, playing but all children and young people have right to play to develop their skills and new experience. There are policies and procedure to protect and reduce risk that will happen to children and young people. Every child care setting will have policy documents which cover Safety Health and Hygiene Safety at arrival/departure times and on outings Prevention of illness and first aid Fire prevention Staffing ratios and supervision Risk Assessments Policy. A large number of everyday things that may appear harmless or go unnoticed but could be dangerous A range of areas from the condition of toys and equipment to hygiene and cleanliness to access to children by members of the public Must be suitable, sufficient and reasonably practical According to legislation, policy and procedure as showing above, in my setting (school placement) they are implemented by the school has a fire exit at the front door. There are several risk assessments for several areas in school. At the front door, there is a registered book for staffs and visitors to sign time in and out and purpose of visiting. After lunch time, food area has been clean and tidy up all tables and chairs to keep children safe. All toys have been kept in place and safe, study resource and materials are kept in cupboard. There are sinks in classrooms for washing hands. 2. Describe how health and safety is monitored and maintain in the setting. Health and safety is monitored and maintain in the setting by: Visitors register book, record time in/out, purpose and who they want to meet Teacher  and all member of Staffs register book, teacher and all members record time in/out Pupils register book, checking pupils in class, morning and afternoon Lunch time staff, monitor pupils at food area Teacher/member of staff at the school gate, morning and after school Teacher/member of staff at the playground and play area every break times 3. Describe how people in the setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. In the setting, teacher and all members of staff, volunteer must be made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged which is in school health and safety policy. The school role and Staff handbook are written by head teacher in the setting, staff handbook is held by teacher each class. Risks on internet in the setting is controlled by teacher, if pupils in class access on Facebook, YouTube and etc. websites that may be harm to pupils, teacher able to switch off computer immediately from teacher’s desk. To protect bullying, there is anti-bullying poster throughout school, poster show how to protect and prevent risks on internet includes the children help line number. Fire is the most frighten pupils and may harm their life, the setting made aware of this risk assessment, pupils can follow fire instruction poster which is throughout school when fire alarm appear. In this situation, teacher will lead pupils to fire exit door which is located at every classroom to school yard and line up at the meeting point. Pupils must be registered by their teacher at the meeting point. The meeting among Head teacher, member of staff and parents after school time will be made 2-3 times a year, the meeting will be discussed how to solve problem and sharing information between school and parents. 4. Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety within the setting. Head Teacher is in charge for accident events, Food Hygiene and Head Teacher’s secretary ensure a risk assessment has been following by staffs who work in the school. By the way all staffs who work in the school have been trained to keep children safe and reduce harm in the  school. How to cite Hygiene and Young People, Papers

Summarizes Strategic Management Operation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Summarizes Strategic Management Operation? Answer: Introduction The Sultan Center Shop is largest retail business established in Kuwait, also known as TSC. This company initially began as Petroleum Service Company that overtime became a larger supplier to the oil industry (Andersen and Andersson 2017). With the help of its hard work and dedication coupled with strategic success and managerial compactness, today it has been able to emerge as largest retailer that evolved and expanded into various other line of production and services including telecommunication an d security services. The importance of this report lies in the importance of TSC in the retail industry having strong impact on the economic indicators of the nation. The report sheds light on the overall strategic management that the organization has been incorporating in its business planning as well as the operation. It strongly focuses on the business performance that TSC exerts and subsequent deficiencies it has been suffering from. The discussion flows with interpreting and analyzing the vision and mission of the organization followed by SWOT, PESTLE, EFE, IFE SPACE matrices analysis in order to conclude how close or far the company is from its aim. Vision, Mission, Objectives Strategies The Sultan Centre (TSC) is the Kuwait based organization growing its business since the inception of its existence from the year 1976. Coming into market as major suppliers in the oil and petroleum industry, overtime it expanded its service to retail, telecommunication, restaurant chains and security services based on the enriched vision the company had at its core. Planning according to objectives and adopting strategies to quench the targeted mission of the company propelled the growth of the company remarkably. VISION: Broadly categorized vision of the organizations have been Building strong brand image: The organization has high targets set regarding creation of strong marketplace through consolidated brand image among consumers. Profitable diversified business: Provision of increment in profit within the business operations and diversification keeping parity with the local as well as international demand, competition has also been one of the major vision of TSC. Greater portfolio and management: Maintaining a strongly integrated management is pivotal for smooth operation f the business amidst the presence of multiple threats and competitive atmosphere. TSC incorporated stronger management major vision of the company in order to add to the sustenance f the organization. Increasing share value: As largest retail leader of the country, TSC mandatorily marks the importance of higher share holding as well as increase in the share value that consolidates the health and image of the company listed in public exchange. Increment in shares benefits the shareholders as whole which further reflects the higher asses value of the company. Excellent performance: Performance is one of the key elements of the mission the company has in order to make sure the targets are met. To meet the set objectives and materialize the visions, performance is the only factor that can play leading role. Strong customer loyalty: Good performance strengthens the services provided and that further takes care of the customer preference for the products of the company. Consumers loyalty to the brand adds to the higher market share enjoyed by the company that reflects the profitability and capability growth of it. Collaborative team work: In order to provide quality in service the company focuses on collaborative team work and unchallenged effort within the hierarchy irrespective of designation and responsibilities of the employees and staffs Learning and Growth- The company is aware of the role of learning to ascertain growth in the business. The employees and their families are under the beneficiary incentives as provided by the company (Bugaian 2017). Training campaigns and programs are conducted by TSC in order to infiltrate and enlighten the company ethics, details of the responsibilities and tasks to the staffs so that they can utilize it in their service and make contribution to the growth of the company (Chang 2016). Diversity and localization Sultan Center moves forward with the objective of establishing a multicultural and multilingual business setup. It employs people from different diversified cultures (Escrig?Olmedo et al. 2017). This company has also inculcated the habit of sufficiently investing in the local communities as they have entered into crucial partnerships with them and it moves forward with the objective of encouraging the local schools and universities to enter into new ventures, thus encouraging the members of the local communities to join the company (Durand, Grant and Madsen 2017). Recognize the people Recognizing the effort of the employees and building good relation with customers as well as stake holders add to the higher transaction of the company leading to business growth (Grant 2016).. This is effective way to create bridge between buyer and seller in order to satisfy their demands while maintaining good quality of services. The five major business strategies include: Revenue growth Their main objective is to set up more numbers of consumer centric and consumer oriented markets. They also aim towards upgrading and developing their products and services across all departments (Karlik et al. 2017). Improve margins Sultan Center always tries its level best to increase its margins so that it can always come up with the demands of their customers and provide better value for them. Expense Efficiency Once again, customer satisfaction is of highest priority over here, because of which Sultan Center aims to simplify their internal operations so that more attention paid to the areas of customer satisfaction (Krush et al. 2016). Constant improvement is the only best possible way to increase customer satisfaction and improving the core operations. Vision And Mission Statements Talking about the vision of Sultan Center, it will be that financial growth and corporate development will be the main building blocks for its immense success. Just like any other company, it is not possible for Sultan Center to move forward without a proper vision and a useful and working strategy (Lee et al. 2016). The vision statement of the company, To build and manage a profitable diversified portfolio of business aimed at increasing shareholder value (Micheli et al. 2017). As far as the mission statement of Sultan Center is concerned, it says, "To be the customer's preferred choice through teamwork, collaboration, and excellent performance" (Prajogo, Oke and Olhager 2016). This company is dedicated to provide their customers with the best products in order to satisfy their needs through well-organized and efficient customer service facility exerted bytheir excellent team of employees and managers who are always ready to listen and solve each and issues of their customers. They have also built excellent teams and have inculcated the spirit of trust, communication, and cooperation among themselves, as they believe in the essentials of teamwork, a collaboration that ultimately results in a brilliant performance (Sukholthaman, Chanvarasuth and Sharp 2017). The vision of the organization must build and manage a good, well-developed relation with all their stakeholders for increasing the shareholder value and expanding their business.(Shin and Konrad 2017). External Opportunities And Threats TSC shop provides all kinds of consumer based products; it creates different external threats and opportunities for the business. Threat of customers can occur if there is poor quality of product materials. As it is consumer, based shop there can be more competitors and rival shops nearby. There can be product substitution effect (Shen, Chen and Wang 2016). These are various external threats of the Sultan Center Shop. Referring to external opportunities, better quality products will encourage more customers for the purchase of the product. This will also create more competition among the buyers for the product, supply will be high and there will be global opportunities for the line of production. Pestle Analysis PESTLE Model includes six major factors that have implication in the business operation and growth. POLITICAL: Imposition of tax by local government have serious implication in the business as it impacts the business cost and local market condition as well. Implementation of excise duties and policies regarding trading affects the business that has wider cross-border transaction in terms of export and import (Deresky 2017). ECONOMIC: It mostly deals with purchasing power capacity, individual daily income, living standard and changes in the tax rates and consequent impact on consumer demand and producer decision of production. Decrease in the custom duty will lead to more demand, thereby creates more income to the shop. When living standard is high, consumer will buy more, there will be more supply. Therefore, purchasing power increases with the increase in the individual income of the consumer that further adds up to the profit of TSC. SOCIAL: This factor deals with social impact TSC has among people and the impact the business process exerts on the society as whole. The company has been able to maintain good position in terms of corporate social responsibilities. Not only the consumers but also the staffs and their families are taken care of under the brad streamlining strategy and operation that the organization undertakes (Tadeu de Oliveira Lacerda et al. 2016). TECHNOLOGY: Application of technology is evident in the trendy products designs of the footwear, clothes and other consumer accessories provided by the Sultan Center Shop. Technologically efficient way of producing and handling the products leads to greater customer service and satisfaction on their end. In store management and supply chain improvised technological apparatus play important role. LEGAL: As component of business operating internationally the company is entitled to various law implemented on it subjected to be abided by. Law regarding the social impacts they offer in terms of the quality of the service and products, relations maintained with international agents and also production and management related restrictions that fall under jurisdiction of legal implication. ENVIRONMENTAL: An environmental factor analyses whether and how the production and supply services are impacting the environmental standards. The effective utilization of the resources without any wastage by using sustainable business system take care of the environmental standards to be maintained in the country. TSC have been able to abide by that so far. Competitive Profit Matrix Competitive profit matrix provides a structured strategic system to measure the business performance and profits with other companies or business industries. There are various factors of measurement in competitive profit matrix and that are rating of the business, weight, and critical factors. Critical factors means brand, range of products, product quality, market share, sales, less cost, channels of distribution, superior IT capacities, online facilities, promotions. The Sultan Center compares the business profits with other industries through this measurement tool in order to analyze the performance of the business. Critical success factors The Sultan Center Shop Food lion Trader Joes Product quality Advertisement Price Financial sector Market position Customer satisfaction Competitive factor Management quality W R WS 20 4 80 15 4 60 10 2 20 10 3 30 15 5 75 10 2 20 5 2 20 5 3 15 R WS 2 40 3 45 2 20 2 20 3 45 4 40 2 10 2 10 R WS 2 40 1 15 3 30 2 20 2 30 3 30 2 10 4 20 External Factor Evaluation Matrix External factor evaluation matrix includes the tabular representation of external factors of the Sultan Center Shop. This matrix is use for strategic management that includes analysis of various external factors. It measures social, technological, government and political issues, and macro economic variables for the analysis of competitive statement (Tatoglu et al. 2016). The rating system that varies from one to four includes the responses in relation to the threats, opportunities of the company. It indicates the more the rating the better is the response in terms of exploitation of opportunities and greater rise of threat factor. External factors Weight Rating Weight score Opportunities Fresh trade agreements New contract with supplier Market growth by 15 percent Decrease in tax rate 11 9 24 10 3 1 2 1 33 9 48 10 Threats Threat of customers Natural calamities Decrease in food production due to high rates Threat of rivalry 17 3 14 12 4 2 32 68 6 42 24 The internal strength includes the strong bargaining power and proper knowledge for the products. The Sultan Center Shop can make its strength by creating strong bargaining power and high customer oriented market. It will influence the buyer and the production unit in a positive way. Threat of substitute is the major weakness for Sultan Center Shop. Substitution of product can deteriorate the customers for Sultan Center Shop. This results in the growth decline in income of the shop. To maintain the customer growth, Sultan Center Shop should enhance the creativity in product diversity with respect to the demands of different range of customers. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix The strong financial system of the Sultan Center Shop will create a strong internal impact on the business environment. Along with these good sales, product diversity and latest arrivals in various products will give more customers for the Sultan Center Shop. This in turn creates positive and stability in the business performances. Key Internal Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Internal Strength Strong position in local retail market 0.06 3 0.16 Quality of product 0.10 3 0.15 Large Varieties 0.12 4 0.30 Customer Brand Loyalty 0.15 3 0.28 Social Responsible Actions 0.16 4 0.29 Longer shelf life 0.09 4 0.20 Brand Awareness 0.05 3 0.10 Technologically sound services 0.10 4 0.15 Internal Weakness Narrow market segment concentration 0.02 1 0.3 Past strategic failure 0.04 2 0.4 Poor advertising and promotion 0.03 1 0.5 Little brand presence 0.02 2 0.3 Fewer strategic alliance 0.03 1 0.05 Long-Term Objectives Strategies To capture long-term benefits by meeting the objectives, TSC must focus on standard material while production of new clothes and materials. Since the products are used by consumers on daily basis, the quality needs to be enhanced in order to attract more consumer base. Performance and integrated service delivered by compact management system is the major factor for the company to meet long term objectives of higher growth of business and profits. Good quality brings more consumers that reflects further the growth and development of the organization. Swot Matrix Referring to the strength part, there are few factors that creates success of the Sultan Center Shop. Being different from other shops, the Sultan Center Shop possesses some unique features like innovative and latest collection products. A good marketing strategy means innovation and modernization. Innovation comes from creative minds and research. The successful existence of TSC creates tough competition in the market that is inflicted with many other retail brands and stores. Expansion of the business results into growth in demand, production and output of the Sultan Center Shop. The company already has established reputation as supplier of oil industry which makes it gain recognition and trust among consumers. Low level in advertising of new products and goods, bad quality consumer durables, inadequate information and prices discrimination are major weaknesses TSC is suffering from (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). The weakness brngs forth the threat that the company is exposed to in terms of of low sales and productivity in their retail business due to less knowledge creates threats in terms of decline in demand, customers, low output and more rivals. With respect to the opportunities for the Sultan Center Shop, it includes quality environment friendly resources, modern technology and creative ways to expand business. It creates more encouragement in the marketing of the goods that can create more job opportunities leading to more growth, tough competition and profit. Strategic Position And Action Evaluation Matrix Strategic position and action evaluation matrix includes assessment and evaluation of wisdom and logic in a particular strategic project. In case of the Sultan Center Shop, it will help to chart an evident business preview. This matrix gives the systematic structure of the business issues that equals the internal and external factors. Internal Strategic Position External Strategic Position Financial Strength Stability in Profit Strong capital accumulation Inflation immune functions Industry Strength Growth and expansion Proper resource allocation Attractive in the existent local businesses Competitive Advantage Vertically integrated Customer loyalty Moderate market share Medium to high product quality Environmental Stability Huge rivals and subsequent competition Lower price of competing goods Consumers switch and fall in demand Huge risk embedded The ratings and review is 1 to 6 in a competitive matrix (Chuang and Lin 2017). The other aspect is financial growth part that includes Leverage ratio, return on investment, cash flow transactions, risk factors of business, capital requirement and economies of scale. In case of ratings and reviews this also ranges from 1to 6 in a matrix. Therefore, various factors are consider while using SPACE matrix method for the evaluation of the business performances. Recommendation Implementation Maintenance of economic stability and market strength amidst rival existence of other firms are the major recommendation that TSC can receive. Being largest retailer the company has major economic impact on the retail industry of the country. For this it should focus on the threats existing to the business stemming from the weaknesses and accentuated by the strategic failure. The pricing discrimination negatively impacts consumer behavior affecting brand image. Poor information also hinders and misleads the strategy design. All of these should be given utmost importance and management should be bestowed with responsibilities of effective outcome. Implementations cannot take place without social and political factors favorable to the business operation hence government should take note of this. The only recommendation provided to TSC is to maintain economic stability the economic variables should behave positively and the four factors of production must work efficiently in order to achieve long-term goals. There will be tough competition in future with long scale of production if the economic variable works normally and efficiently. Strategy Review And Evaluation Recommendation and implementation are not end notions of any business as evaluation plays significant role to bring out the net outcome of the adopted strategies. How well the companies build strategy and how far they are contributive to the success of the desires aim, depends on the review and evaluation process conducted by the business organization. TSC can encounter these by collecting feedback from the consumers it serves. It can also organize some events focused on activities that reveal the facts about consumer satisfaction, happiness which further makes the assessment easier and impactful. Conclusion The report aimed to highlight the strategic management design that the retail leader TSC incorporated with analyzing the efficacy of it. It can be concluded from the discussion that the TSC shop is enjoying huge market share due to its reputation earned from the inception. It has been able to meet many of its vision and huge business growth overtime through diversification and customer attraction tapping the growing market. There is no issues as of with the brand image and services of the supply chain . However there have been severe issues in the quality of the products, price discrimination and poor managerial execution which hinders the growth. Understanding the problems and nullifying them with adoption of effective strategies and management structure can help TSC shop create a multicultural and highly profitable business as it aspired to become. Reference Andersen, T.J. and Andersson, U., 2017. Multinational Corporate Strategy-Making: Integrating International Business and Strategic Management. InThe Responsive Global Organization: New Insights from Global Strategy and International Business(pp. 13-34). Emerald Publishing Limited. Baird, K. and Baird, K., 2017. The effectiveness of strategic performance measurement systems.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,66(1), pp.3-21. Bugaian, L., 2017. Strategic Cost Management (based on the data from the enterprises from the processing industry of the Republic of Moldova.Development. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Chuang, S.H. and Lin, H.N., 2017. Performance implications of information-value offering in e-service systems: Examining the resource-based perspective and innovation strategy.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,26(1), pp.22-38. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Durand, R., Grant, R.M. and Madsen, T.L., 2017. The expanding domain of strategic management research and the quest for integration.Strategic Management Journal,38(1), pp.4-16. Escrig?Olmedo, E., Muoz?Torres, M.J., Fernndez?Izquierdo, M.. and Rivera?Lirio, J.M., 2017. Measuring corporate environmental performance: A methodology for sustainable development.Business Strategy and the Environment,26(2), pp.142-162. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Karlik, A.E., Kukor, B.L., Dymkovets, I.A. and Yakovleva, E.A., 2017, May. A model of a strategic economy management system. InSoft Computing and Measurements (SCM), 2017 XX IEEE International Conference on(pp. 678-680). IEEE. Krush, M.T., Trainor, K.J., Malshe, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2016. What Marketing Strategy Matters? Examining a Contingency Model of the Relationship Between Marketing Performance Management and Business Unit Performance. InMarketing Challenges in a Turbulent Business Environment(pp. 321-322). Springer, Cham. Lee, S.H., Yoon, S.H., Chang, S.H., Kim, H.J. and Bae, I.S., 2016. A Study on the Effect of Aligning with Management Strategy and Strategic Performance Management on Firms Performance in Medium and Small Firms.Journal of Digital Convergence,14(1), pp.99-119. Micheli, P., Micheli, P., Mura, M. and Mura, M., 2017. Executing strategy through comprehensive performance measurement systems.International Journal of Operations Production Management,37(4), pp.423-443. Prajogo, D., Oke, A. and Olhager, J., 2016. Supply chain processes: Linking supply logistics integration, supply performance, lean processes and competitive performance.International Journal of Operations Production Management,36(2), pp.220-238. Sukholthaman, P., Chanvarasuth, P. and Sharp, A., 2017. Analysis of waste generation variables and peoples attitudes towards waste management system: a case of Bangkok, Thailand.Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,19(2), pp.645-656. Shin, D. and Konrad, A.M., 2017. Causality between high-performance work systems and organizational performance.Journal of Management,43(4), pp.973-997. Shen, Y.C., Chen, P.S. and Wang, C.H., 2016. A study of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system performance measurement using the quantitative balanced scorecard approach.Computers in Industry,75, pp.127-139. Tadeu de Oliveira Lacerda, R., Ensslin, L., Rolim Ensslin, S., Knoff, L. and Martins Dias Junior, C., 2016. Research opportunities in business process management and performance measurement from a constructivist view.Knowledge and Process Management,23(1), pp.18-30. Tatoglu, E., Bayraktar, E., Golgeci, I., Koh, S.L., Demirbag, M. and Zaim, S., 2016. How do supply chain management and information systems practices influence operational performance? Evidence from emerging country SMEs.International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications,19(3), pp.181-199. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Hamlet And Ophelias Weaknesses Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Hamlet And Ophelia's Weaknesses Ophelia's Weaknesses In classic works of literature all characters have certain flaws. In Shakespeare's tragedies the characters all have flaws that eventually lead to their undoing. In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the character of Ophelia is ultimately killed by her flaw. It is apparent that Ophelia is an obedient person through her thoughts and actions in the beginning of the play, but upon closer inspection, the audience sees that she is not merely obedient. Ophelia's thoughts and actions go beyond obedience to show that Ophelia is a weak and entirely dependent character. Ophelia's cruel actions towards Hamlet, which go against her feelings for him, demonstrate her obedience to her father. For example, in the beginning Ophelia tells her father that she likes Hamlet: "My lord, he hath importuned me with love/ In honorable fashion..."(1.3 118-119). By stating this to Polonius, she implies that Hamlet is a decent and honorable man and that she does have some feelings for him. Ophelia's later actions sacrifice these personal feelings under the order of her father, proving her complete obedience. In particular, Ophelia agrees not to see Hamlet anymore after the request from her father: "I shall obey, my lord..."(1.4 145). Ophelia's actions show that Polonius has complete control over his daughter because she sacrifices her personal feelings to please him. Ophelia's desire to please her father is the direct cause of her obedience. Thereafter, upon having agreed not to see Hamlet, Ophelia allows herself to be used as a puppet in order for the King and Polonius to spy on Hamlet: "Ophelia walk you here / We will bestow ourselves..." (3.1 48-49). Ophelia has an inward desire to please others, even if it means displeasing herself, and her obedience stems from this. Ophelia's drastic actions must come from something other than obedience, something such as her character. Ophelia's obedience goes deeper than her trying to please to father and shows what a weak character she is. Ophelia's thoughts and actions show what a weak character she is. For instance, when Hamlet harasses her and tells her to go to a nunnery where she can no longer harm anyone, she does not defend herself but, after he is gone, she pities herself: "O woe is me t' have seen what I have seen / see what I see..." (3.1 174-175). Ophelia is not a strong enough person to defend herself, even when Hamlet is mocking everything that she is. Ophelia's "woe is me" pity comes from the fact that she barely is reprimanded because she always tries to please others. Furthermore, when Polonius dies, Ophelia loses her primary guidance and, instead of attempting to go on with her own life, she calls on her brother for help in resolving her problems: "My brother shall know of it / and so I thank you for your good counsel..." (4.5 75-76). Ophelia suffers and basically collapses once her father dies because he has always been there to instruct her, and now she is left to her own guidance. Ophelia is not strong enough to survive by herself, and upon her self-recognition of this fact, she calls for her brother's help and guidance. Polonius's controlling manner is unreplaceable and Ophelia soon realizes this: "I would give you some violets / but they withered all when my father died..." (4.5 207-208). Violets are a known symbol of faithfulness, this is why Ophelia says that the violets are gone, because she feels betrayed that her father has left her. Polonious's overbearing influence on Ophelia stunted her emotional growth by only allowing her to think and feel what she was told to. Ophelia's obedience and weakness as a character can be traced to her complete dependence on other people. Ophelia's actions can be explained by the fact that she was completely dependent on other people. In fact, Ophelia's dependence on others is evident in the very beginning: "I do not know, my lord, what I should think. POL: Marry, I will teach you. Think yourself a baby..." (1.3 113-114). This shows how Ophelia depends on her father to determine what she should think and feel, and how she should live her life. Ophelia's complete dependence, or lack of independence, is what leads to her demise. For this reason, when the Queen is explaining her death, she says, "At which time / she chanted snatches of old lauds / as one incapable of her own distress or like a creature / native and endured unto that element..." (4.7 202-205). Ophelia is completely incapable of helping

Defining Histology and How Its Used

Defining Histology and How It's Used Histology is defined as the scientific study of the microscopic structure (microanatomy) of cells and tissues. The term histology comes from the Greek words histos, meaning tissue or columns, and logia, which means study. The word histology first appeared in a 1819 book written by German anatomist and physiologist Karl Meyer, tracing its roots back to 17th-century microscopic studies of biological structures performed by Italian physician Marcello Malpighi. How Histology Works Courses in histology focus on the preparation of histology slides, relying on previous mastery of anatomy and physiology. Light and electron microscopy techniques are usually taught separately. The five steps of preparing slides for histology are: FixingProcessingEmbeddingSectioningStaining Cells and tissues must be fixed to prevent decay and degradation. Processing is required to prevent excessive alteration of tissues when they are embedded. Embedding involves placing a sample within a supporting material (e.g., paraffin or plastic) so small samples can be cut into thin sections, suitable for microscopy. Sectioning is performed using special blades called microtomes or ultramicrotomes. Sections are placed on microscope slides and stained. A variety of staining protocols are available, chosen to enhance the visibility of specific types of structures. The most common stain is a combination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE stain). Hematoxylin stains cellular nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm pink. Images of HE slides tend to be in shades of pink and blue. Toluidine blue stains the nucleus and cytoplasm blue, but mast cells purple. Wrights stain colors red blood cells blue/purple, while turning white blood cells and platelets other colors. Hematoxylin and eosin produce a permanent stain, so slides made using this combination may be kept for later examination. Some other histology stains are temporary, so photomicrography is necessary in order to preserve data. Most of the trichrome stains are differential stains, where a single mixture produces multiple colors. For example, Malloys trichrome stain colors cytoplasm pale red, the nucleus and muscle red, red blood cells and keratin orange, cartilage blue, and bone deep blue. Types of Tissues The two broad categories of tissues are plant tissue and animal tissue. Plant histology usually is called plant anatomy to avoid confusion. The main types of plant tissues are: Vascular tissueDermal tissueMeristematic tissueGround tissue In humans and other animals, all tissue may be classified as belonging to one of four groups: Nervous tissueMuscle tissueEpithelial tissueConnective tissue Subcategories of these main types include epithelium, endothelium, mesothelium, mesenchyme, germ cells, and stem cells. Histology may also be used to study structures in microorganisms, fungi, and algae. Careers in Histology A person who prepares tissues for sectioning, cuts them, stains them, and images them is called a histologist. Histologists work in labs and have highly refined skills, used to determine the best way to cut a sample, how to stain sections to make important structures visible, and how to image slides using microscopy. Laboratory personnel in a histology lab include biomedical scientists, medical technicians, histology technicians (HT), and histology technologists (HTL). The slides and images produced by histologists are examined by medical doctors called pathologists. Pathologists specialize in identifying abnormal cells and tissues. A pathologist can identify many conditions and diseases, including cancer and parasitic infection, so other doctors, veterinarians, and botanists can devise treatment plans or determine whether an abnormality led to death. Histopathologists are specialists who study diseased tissue. A career in histopathology typically requires a medical degree or doctorate. Many scientists in this discipline have dual degrees. Uses of Histology Histology is important in science education, applied science, and medicine. Histology is taught to biologists, medical students, and veterinary students because it helps them understand and recognize different types of tissues. In turn, histology bridges the gap between anatomy and physiology by showing what happens to tissues at the cellular level.Archaeologists use histology to study biological material recovered from archaeological sites. Bones and teeth are most likely to provide data. Paleontologists may recover useful material from organisms preserved in amber or frozen in permafrost.Histology is used to diagnose diseases in humans, animals, and plants and to analyze the effects of treatment.Histology is used during autopsies and forensic investigations to help understand unexplained deaths. In some cases, a cause of death may be evident from microscopic tissue examination. In other cases, the microanatomy may reveal clues about the environment after death.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Ethics - Essay Example Broader ethical issues are determined by society rather than the individual. For example, most people would agree that it is wrong to steal. There is really no way that someone can justify that, even though they might be in an extreme situation. On the other hand, a personal ethical decision is based on one's own experiences and thoughts. For example, I believe that it would be wrong to cheat on an exam, but there may be others that differ from that opinion. My belief about that comes from the way I was raised and also the fact that I believe that exams are a time to gauge one's ability, and cheating gives a false representation of this. Finally, there are ethical choices based on a personal circumstance or situation. Someone who is poor may justify taking money left unattended to because they desperately need it. Other people who are not in need of cash are more likely to try and return it to the owner. Personally, I make most of my decisions based on my values and religious beliefs but also my gut feel. If an action does not feel right, then I probably shouldn't be doing it. I closely follow the principle of utilitarianism because I think that any ethical decision must consider all the parties that will be affected by the action. Just because I benefit from an ethical decision does not mean that other people will also benefit, so it is important to weight all these factors up before making an ethical decision. ... On the other hand, those of questionable moral character have likely only acting ethical on certain occasions, if at all. I believe that even if the possibility of being caught is extremely low, it is still important to act ethically because it sets a right mindset. There is a saying that goes "set a line in the sand." What this means is that we need to have boundaries of how far we are willing to go. Just because no one else will know or the likelihood of being caught is low does not mean that we should get rid of or move the line in the sand. Acting ethically at all times helps to breed consistency, and this will hold us in good stead when it really counts. I believe that decisions we make in secret are actually more important than those we make in public because they help to show our true character. I believe that if there was no possibility of detection, then most people would likely not pay their taxes. These types of people would justify their decision based on the fact that no one else would find out. Money is a subject that divides many people because of the power and status it brings. I do agree that individuals act in their own economic self-interest because we live in a capitalistic society where hard work and success are valued. Thus everyone wants to get ahead, and if not paying taxes can help then so be it. I do however think that most of those people who would avoid paying tax if they could get away with it would not openly admit to thinking that. The reason is that the process of paying tax is one of the most basic in our society and one of the greatest responsibilities of every working citizen. For those who would still pay their taxes even if they could get away with not paying them, I

Satellite Centers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Satellite Centers - Essay Example The initial paragraph of the agreement states, â€Å"This Satellite Center will be responsible for establishing a knowledge of and capacity for initiating and supporting accelerated schools for at-risk students in its local school district and to spread this capacity to schools in districts in surrounding areas. The Stanford staff will work with the Satellite Centers to build this capacity and all activities will be geared to that end† (Satellite Center Agreement, 1990). The Satellite Center approaches to Accelerated Schools for a number of reasons. Prominent among these was the desire to get leverage by establishing local capacity and advocacy that would be far more effective with school systems in a specific locality than would be a program operating out of a single national site, We also wanted to try to provide the conditions and incentives for teacher and administrator training programs to transform their activities in conjunction with the hands-on transformation of the schools they would be working with. The Satellite Center Project has a number of objectives (Satellite Center Agreement, 1990) which may be grouped together into three major goals. The first goal of the project is for the Satellite Centers to become the focus for Accelerated Schools training, evaluation and facilitation in their geographic area. They win serve as a vehicle for implementation for many different educational entities desiring to participate in the Accelerated Schools Project. They are expected to provide a forum for the promotion and understanding of accelerated schools through the sponsorship of and participation in conferences and the production of and contribution to publications. Accordingly, Satellite Centers are also expected to revise their teacher education programs to include the Accelerated Schools principles and processes in the curriculum in meaningful ways and to place student observers,

Leadership, Innovation & Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership, Innovation & Change - Essay Example This was used by his father, a dental practitioner to communicate with his receptionist while the family also used it for communicating at home. Seeing his interest in computers, his parents hired David Newman to work once a week with Mark Zuckenberg but Newman found it hard to stay ahead of the prodigy. Mark Zuckenberg later studied at Phillips Exeter Academy where he excelled in literature, showed talent in fencing and also earned a diploma in classics. However, all through, he remained fascinated by computers. While still in school, he created the music software Pandora, which he named Synapse. After graduating from Exeter, Mark Zuckenberg joined Harvard University where he developed several software programs for fellow students such as CourseMatch (students could choose their classes) and Facemash (helped compare pictures of two students). The birth of Facebook has its origin in the social networking site Harvard Connection for which he was invited to work on by three fellow students (Biography, 2012). Mark Zuckenberg did work for a while but soon dropped it to start his own networking site along with two friends. This site allowed others to create profiles, upload photos and communicate with others. The group ran the Facebook out of their dorm at Harvard until June 2004. After the sophomore year, Mark Zuckenberg left Harvard to devote full time to Facebook and by the year end Facebook had 1 million users. In August 2005, the site was officially called the Facebook and the domain name was purchased for a reported $200,000 (Yadav, 2006). In 2005 Mark Zuckenberg received an investment of $12.7 million from Accel Partners which gave the platform a big boost. By December 2005 the site has 5.5 million users as Mark Zuckenberg granted access to other colleges, high schools and international students. Mark Zuckenberg received offers from Yahoo! And MTV Networks to buy his company, which he declined. Mark

Fly by Light in Aircraft Systems Analysis

Fly by Light in Aircraft Systems Analysis Fibre optic cables are widely used in telecommunication and network. It is known for its properties which is lighter than standard copper wire, able to carry multiple signals in single cable, no electrical current involved in the cable, cheaper than copper cable because it is made from silica (glass), and does not List of abbreviations FBW- Fly-by-Wire FBL- Fly-by-Light 1.1 OVERVIEW At the early stage of aviation, aircraft utilized cables and pulleys for controls also known as mechanical linkage. This cables and pulleys act as pull and push system to move the flight controls surfaces at the expense of the pilots effort. By using the cables and pulleys, every forces act on the flight control surfaces are being transmitted to the cockpit control and felt directly by the pilots which they have to counter these forces using their own strength without any assistance. Early aircraft were lightweight and the aircraft can only fly at a slower speed thus aerodynamic force is not strong making it possible to manoeuvres the aircraft. With new emerging technology and war at that time, air superiority has become an advantage. Aircraft needs to fly faster, carry more payload and strong. This is when hydraulic systems plays an important role in aircraft control system. By using hydraulic systems, aircraft can fly faster due to the pilot does not have to put extra effort to move the control surfaces with increasing aerodynamic forces. Hydro-mechanical control system is a system which mechanical linkages are connected to the hydraulic system. This system utilized cables, pulleys, and gears at the cockpit control and hydraulic system consist of pipes, reservoir, valves and pumps at the control surfaces. With hydro-mechanical system, the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surfaces are not felt by the pilots making it easy to controls. Stick shaker and artificial feedback are the methods to replicate the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surfaces to the cockpit control. It was to ensure that the pilot does no t manoeuvre the aircraft beyond its limitation. Although the hydro-mechanical system gives a plenty advantages to the pilot, it was deemed as heavy, hard to maintain and not practical for larger aircraft as the cables would have to run over a long distance of aircraft fuselage. Commercial aircraft nowadays are bigger, faster and fly higher than before. Hydro-mechanical control system might not able to accommodate the complicated and sensitive controls made for passengers comfort. Nowadays, majority commercial airliners use Fly-by-Wire system. FBW system replaces the cables, pulleys and gears with copper wires which carries electrical signals from the cockpit control to the control surfaces. FBW eliminate the needs to maintain the cables, pulleys or the gears thus reducing weight of the aircraft. FBW is very efficient due to it being electronically control by computers which manage the autopilot system and aircraft system. Although FBW is considered as the best option available today, it is still needs to be upgrade. Copper wire can only carry one signal for each wire which means for a single system that might needs four signals, it needs four copper wires. Due to this nature, typical aircraft with FBW will have a bundles of copper wires and for maintenance side, working with bundles of wires takes time and lot of manpower. FBW system is still considered to be heavy due to the amount of copper cables involved and caging due to susceptible to electromagnetic frequency. Fly-by-Light is a technology that might be the answer for future aircraft development. FBL technology is not a new thing but the research is slowly progress as it still being tested and research since the 90s. Although FBL might not be implemented in near future but the concept have been use in todays inflight entertainment system which utilized fibre optic cable to cater all passengers preference. 1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDY In the world of aviation, safety comes first, revenue comes second and followed by everything else. The information gather in this study might prove that FBL has potential for future aircraft development. Aircraft manufacturers and aviation operators such as airline companies and private sectors always be look into more reliable aircraft, weight-fuel saving and easy to maintain. This study will prove whether it is possible or not to replace the old fly-by-wire system with new fly-by-light system and offer more advantages. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim for this study is to investigate whether fly-by-light is the future for aircraft system and how it will affect the traditional maintenance practice. In order to complete this study and to achieve the aim as stated, few objectives must be completed such as: To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using fibre optic cables over standard copper wire on commercial aircraft and military aircraft. To discuss the development and potential of fly-by-light on aircraft system. To show the complication of using fly-by-light system on commercial and military aircraft. To find out whether it will be more cost effective for aircraft manufacturers to manufacture new aircraft system in future aircraft development. To find out the cost and its effect on traditional maintenance practice. 1.4 HYPOTHESIS Technology advancement always research for a new alternative to make aircraft lighter, lower cost and increase reliability. Fly-by-wire system manage to make modern airliners bigger, fly higher, more reliable, save cost and increase in revenue. If fly-by-light system is going to replace the FBW system in the future, commercial and military aircraft will see a lot of improvement in terms of fuel saving due to weight reduction, faster response rate and more simple system installed that is easy to manufacture and maintain. Fly-by-light may not be the system in near future due to the nature of fibre optic technology that is not suffice to withstand aircraft environment but with improvement and further research into fibre optic technology, Fly-by-light soon will replace the fly-by-wire system. 1.5 LIMITATION The main purpose of this study is to do a research whether fly-by-light system might replace the fly-by-wire system in the future. It does not discuss about implementation or direct costing which may involve specific value because this system is yet still under research and development. Any costing stated in this study is mainly an estimation based on current market value. 2.1 Overview Todays aircraft have shown a significant improvement in flight control system. Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 have successfully flown on a fully fly-by-wire system independently. Having the flight control system runs solely on electrical power, the respective aircraft have managed to change every aspects that are common to previous aircraft. Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 are using no-bleed engine as the flight control system now run on electricity, the actuators hydraulics are being pumped by electrical pump and air-conditioning are also run on electrical power. This technological advancement have yet to have its downside which is the aircraft require a lot of shielding in order to protect the electrical system from electromagnetic interference or EMI. The shielding to keep the EMI at minimum have its own disadvantage because shielding is heavy and it makes it hard to access during maintenance.ÂÂ   It might be a success for fly-by-wire system in Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 but by understan ding of what FBL can offer for further aircraft development is very promising. 2.2 FLY-BY-LIGHT AS NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEM 2.2.1 Advantages of using fibre optic cables over copper cables Fibre optic cable is made up of bundle of glass strands coated in insulated cover. Fibre optic cables nowadays widely used for networking and communication as it offers many advantages over copper cables. According to Collins (2015) here is the advantages of using fibre optic cables: BANDWIDTH Fibre optic offers high bandwidth compared to copper wire. High bandwidth means that fibre optic cables are capable of carrying multiple signal over one cable instead of one signal over one wire with copper wire. Aircraft system sends multiple signals for one flight control and using conventional copper wire in FBW system, it needs a bundle of wires just for one flight control. Using fibre optic cable to replace copper wire will reduce significantly the amount of copper wire thus reducing the weight of the aircraft. HIGH SPEED By understanding the concept of fibre optic cable, it has a faster signal transfer rate compare to copper wire. Fibre optic cable carries light signal in which the speed of light travels much faster than electrical current in copper wire. DISTANCE Fibre optic cable capable of carrying signal on longer distance without degrading the quality of the signal as the light have less susceptibility to signal lost during transmission. It does not require any step up or step down voltage like copper wire does. SECURITY Copper wire are easily tap into and less secure compared to fibre optic cable. Electrical signal in a copper wire are also easy to be change by intercepting the signal and can be done by non-professional. Whereas fibre optic cable are made from glass strands which makes it incredibly difficult to intercept the signal without breaking the cable. Even with professionals, the cable are very challenging to intercept midway and if it were done at the source, it is still very tough to change the signal without the proper equipment. RELIABILITY Copper wire and fibre optic cable both susceptibility to worn out over time but instead of posing a fire hazard like copper wire does, fibre optics does not pose any risk of fire hazard as it only carries light signals. Temperature, moisture and severe weather condition could cause copper wire having signal loss or even complete loss of connectivity but it does not happen with fibre optic cable. In terms of studier, fibre optic cable can withstand around 100-200 lbs. of pressure without damaging the cable while copper wire typically are delicate and enough to withstand only at about 25 lbs. of pressure before damaging the wire. CABLE SIZE Higher amount of connections require more copper wire to be able to process all the signals at a higher speed as copper wire performance in signal transferring is directly connected with the cable size. Fibre optic cable size does not determine by the size of the cable and by that, it can be used for multiple signals transfer without affecting the speed or the quality of the signal. Fibre optic cable are much simpler to use and relatively lighter than copper wire. COST Although fibre optic cable today are still considered as more expensive than copper wire in a short term but with it being lighter, more reliable, and much better performance than copper wire makes it a valuable investment for a long run. Fibre optic cable are also easy to maintain which in turn less cost needed. IMMUNE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) Copper wire carries electrical signal which runs through in bundles of wire in close proximity. When electrical signal flow through a wire, it creates an electromagnetic field. Electrical signal are easily affected by electromagnetic field which then deteriorate the signals. Not only had it affected by its own electromagnetic field, it is also affected by electromagnetic frequency given out by other electronic devices such as a hand phone, microwave, or even lightning strike. Using light signals by fibre optic cable, it does not create any electromagnetic field or affected by other electromagnetic frequency. Being immune to EMI, fibre optic cable does not require shielding as copper wire does. No shielding means an extra weight loss using fibre optic cable rather than copper wire. 2.2.2 INSTALLATION OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ON AIRCRAFT According to Garg, Linda and Chowdhury (2014), FBL system will follows the same concept as the FBW system except for FBL, the sensors will be replaced with optical rather than standard electrical or electronic as on FBW system. All the cables routing will be no different than copper wire in FBW but with added advantage of using less amount of fibre optic cable because it is capable of transmitting more than one signal per cable making it lightweight and its immune to EMI needs no shielding thus reducing weight even further. In order to change all the sensors and actuators into optical, Photonic Controlled Actuation System or PCAS is introduced. This actuator system is a modified version of standard Electro Mechanical Actuator or EMA but with added optical controller that commands EMA. The signal that being sent to EMA is the same signal sent by the flight control computer. In order for the EMA to received and react to the signal, the engineers have modified the EMA to make sure the signal sent via light from the optical controller is readable. As the PCAS will utilized light signal to react, all other sensors such as the actuator position, motor position and current are replaced by optical sensors. Figure 1: Fly-by-Wire standard wire routing in aircraft (ICCCI, 2014) Figure 2: FBL utilized the same cable routing as the FBW but with reduced cable amount (ICCCI, 2014) 2.2.2 FLASH PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Based on John R Todd (1996), during the mid-1994, McDonnell Douglas team start working for two years project called the Fly-by-Light Advanced System Hardware Program or also known as FLASH Program. FLASH program was initiated to develop a reliable and cost effective FBL system and hardware for aircraft in military and commercial. This FLASH program aims to be able to demonstrate the FBL system use on aircraft specifically. In summer 1996, the team was able to put on two demonstration of aircraft using FBL system. Ground demonstration with the FBL system on a partial flight control system and during flight demonstration, aileron trim control system was replaced with FBL system. The FBL system that was installed on the test aircraft was built on open architecture platform which have its own advantage. 2.2.2.1 OPEN ARCHITECTURE CONCEPT In the computer industry according to Computerhope.com (2017) the definition of open architecture is an open platform and was built on common platform so that any hardware and software can be use, reconfigure or modified to fit the platform such as the IBM computer. In aviation, Flexible Vehicle Management System or flexible VMS is the same as open architecture used in computer industry. Flexible VMS means that the aircraft system will be built on base platform using common hardware and software which can be expanded, outsourced and reconfigured to fit any aircraft system platform be it in commercial or military configuration. The benefit of having open architecture in flexible VMS will encourage more development on a system and more integration of new role with potential growth. Other benefit from using an open platform in flexible VMS is it will reduce cost significantly as the platform will use a very identical and same modular blocks so there is no need for further research for n ew platform every time new idea and innovation present itself. Future aircraft system such as the FBL system can be built on open architecture which not only save cost for development but also time. By using open architecture concept on flexible VMS, the McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Control and Avionics System or ACAS has managed to expand and contracted a single platform to fit new FBL system according to the need of transport aircraft with various size and shape. Using the flexible VMS for ACAS has managed to maximize the commonness and the ability to share hardware on any platform regardless of the commercial aircraft or the military aircraft while keeping the development cost down and save time. The ACAS architecture is also part of the FLASH program to develop and built sustainable and reliable FBL system in future aircraft system. 2.2.2.2 MAJOR ASPECTS IN FLASH PROGRAM As stated by John R. Todd (1996), FLASH program consist of two major aspects that is needed to achieve. The first major aspects of FLASH program responsibility is to develop integrated fibre optic cable plants and every components needed to make it work. The first development focuses on producing reliable cable plants and its components and also to figure out the installations procedure as well as the maintainability of the new system components. The cables and components must be able to withstand aircraft environment to fit the purpose. This aspect of development has been assigned as TASK 1A. Major associate with MDA-TA for TASK 1A in the FLASH program was Berg Electronics. TASK 2A is the advancement from TASK 1A development where the cable plants and components that were developed and produced in TASK 1A were used to demonstrate FBL system on flexible VMS. Honeywell as the major team mate along with HR Textron, GEC-Marconi and Allied Signal were involved in the development of TASK 2A as the effort of develop and implement the new FBL system on aircraft. The team have managed to produce and develop the main flight control fibre optic data bus system, Fly-by-Light primary flight control computers (PFCs), a representative remote terminal/ distribution unit (RDU) which is a smart actuator with low cost fibre optic data links to the RDU and lastly, a flight test done on the FBL aileron trim system. Figure: TASK 1A and TASK 2A in FLASH Program FLASH Task 1A successfully developed high density fiber optic ribbon cable and connectors that passed the aircraft environment test and deemed as flightworthy. This ribbon cables and connectors will be the backbone of the FBL system for aircraft control system. Single-fiber fanout assembly, conduit systems including clamps, splitters and connector backshells were also developed by Task 1A for FLASH program. MDA Advanced System Technology also responsible in developing a safe and reliable installation procedure as well as maintenance procedure that are cost effective for both manufacturer and clients. Increased reliability and maintainability also ensure a reduction cost in installation and maintenance labour. AVMAC was the high density fiber optic connector being developed by Task 1A under the FLASH program that was meant to be the termination of fiber optic ribbon cable. The ribbon cable is basically constructed using 18 fibers arranged into linear arrangement into one ribbon.ÂÂ   The advantage of having the fiber optic ribbon cable for FBL system is that the ribbon cable can provide several optical fiber in one small integrated package apart from bundles of copper wires as in FBW system. Although the fiber optic ribbon cable consist of 18 optical fibers, the physical aspect and appearances of the ribbon cable is not far from a single channel fiber optic cable. The ribbon cables are also has been classified as flight qualified by MDA AST which met all the aircraft environment specifications, mechanical requirements and optical requirements set forth by MDC specifications. The ribbon cable is not develop only for 18 optical fibers installation but it can be reduce or increase accord ing to the requirement but Task 1A team considered 18 optical fibers is the best option and suitable for FBL system on aircraft. Identical to fiber optic ribbon cable assembly is the optical fan-out assembly. The difference between these two cable is one of them carries all 18 optical fibers in one protective casing and the other one converts the package into 18 individual fiber optic channel. Fan-out assembly designs and material use is the same as the ribbon cable assembly but fan-out assembly use to separate 18 optical fibers into single channel so that each single optical fiber channel can be routed to several locations on aircraft. During FLASH task 1A, the team encountered many challenges to ensure the reliability of the installation and maintenance for fiber optic cable. One of the option they selected was using a tube to house the fiber optic cable. This tube is a conduit that is made up of clear plastic tubing. The conduit is the best option to safe guard the fiber optic cable since it is also lightweight and with the added benefit of it being easy to replace, remove or add fiber optic cable with ease. Maintenance wise, this clear plastic conduit is relatively transparent makes it easy to detect any damaged fiber optic cable using a laser fault finder. The team also develop a special connector which is the backshell or the conduit adapter to ensure the conduit is easy to access and protect the fiber optic cable. Task 2A for FLASH program is to develop and installation of the flight control using FBL system using parts and components produced by Task 1A. Task 2A will be responsible to put on FBL system onto test aircraft but limited to certain flight control surfaces for ground and flight demonstration. Ground demonstration team for Task 2A have managed to develop and installed the main flight control fiber optic data bus system, the FBL primary flight control computers or the PFCs, a remote terminal/ distribution unti or the RDU and a smart actuator along with an affordable fiber optic data link to the RDU. The demonstration from ground team for Task 2A will validate whether the aircraft closed loop system with FBL installation will function accordingly.ÂÂ   The ground demonstration covers all ACAS architecture including: Active Hand Controllers (AHCs), Primary Flight Control Computers (PFCs) the optical data buses (ARINC-429 and AS-1773A). a smart actuator for spoiler, an intelligent Remote Distribution Unit (RDU), and AVMAC connector that Task 1A previously developed. According to John R. Todd et al (1993), the real challenge of FBL system is the installation process and maintenance that needs to be done just like any other systems. MDA-TA/DAC have come up with few options on how to install and maintain the FBL system on aircraft. Some of the options are modification of present product and some of it are an improvement from previous product to suit with fibre optic and the FBL system. FIBER OPTIC TRAY INSTALLATION As FBW nowadays advances into more electrical aircraft, the amount of copper wire increasing to cater huge demand of electrical system. Aircraft manufacturer have come up with the idea of tray installation which provide a specific compartment to install all the wiring to ease the work for maintenance by separating each compartment according to their function.ÂÂ   Figure below is the example of tray installation concept being use for FBW system. Figure: Example of tray installation for fibre optic/wire on aircraft This tray installation concept from FBW system will give more advantage for FBL system due to the reduction of the numbers of interconnects making FBL configuration more practical and effective. CONDUIT ASSEMBLY All of MDA-TA/DAC production aircraft utilized conduit assembly which is basically a clear tubing. The main purpose of this conduit is to provide extra security to the cables where work is done on a tight spacing and less work area. If the conduit is accidently bent, the tubing will always maintain a safe bending radius and prevent any physical damage to the cables. The tubing is also lightweight and very durable which adds another advantage. Using the conduit assembly, hybrid configuration may be achieve by combining both electrical and fibre optic cable into a same conduit.ÂÂ   The following figure will show the examples of conduit assembly as MDA-TA/DAC are using on their production aircraft. FIGURE: Flexible Conduit for Fibre Optic Installation ACTIVE OPTICAL CONTACT Active Optical Contact or AOC is an active optical device that is embedded into the electrical contact point or connector shell. This type of installation basically use standard electrical connectors but inside the connectors, the electrical signal from transmitter is being converted into light signal and send through fibre optic cable which will reach the end of the cable in the form of light signals. This light signals then will be converted into electrical signal inside the receiver connectors which also have the embedded optical device. The AOC will act as the connector between two electrical signal port that is the transmitter and the receiver but will be sending the signal in the form of light signal via fibre optic cable. This results in no optical contact between transmitter and the receiver thus eliminating the need of extra devices at the end of both port to convert light signal into electrical signal. FIGURE: Active Optical Contact FIGURE: Example of AOC working principle (https://www.slideshare.net/allanlee/sfp-trrx-selection-guidejan2014) AVIONIC MULTIFIBER ARRAY CONNECTOR (AVMAC) Multifiber Array Connector II or MACII that was being use is going to be replace with the new Avionic Multifiber Array Connector or AVMAC. The new AVMAC was developed with ATT with the purpose of upgrading the old MACII for fibre optic connection. The main function of new AVMAC is to be the termination point of fibre optic ribbon assembly. Ribbon fibre is basically a group of fibres, 12 or 18, arranged into a linear array. This ribbon fibre will be jacketed, wrap with buffer coat and strength member which will be very similar to the single channel fibre as MDA/TA-DAC approved. The AVMAC is a device which will connect the array of fibre in the ribbon to hold each individual fibre so that it can be align and easier to install to the other mating half. Figure: Cross-sectional of ribbon fibre assembly which consist of 12 fibre optic cables. SPLICES During maintenance and installation, fibre optic needs to be splice to fit. After testing several fibre optic mechanical splices and only two mechanical splices that achieved MDA/TA-DAC approval. Although the two mechanical splices is considered to date fit their installation and maintenance approach, it is still cannot withstand the aircraft environment and none is consider as the right mechanical splices for aviation grade quality. The reasons for this result came from several points of the disadvantage of using market-ready mechanical splices in aircraft environment. First reason, fibre optic cable need to remove the buffer and the strength member in order to do splicing. If the buffer and strength member removed from the cable, every mechanical protection for the glass fibre ends at the splicing. Second, having the glass fibre exposed to the atmosphere, moisture in the air will get into the micro-cracks that naturally exist and will further expand the severity of the cracks into larger cracks. Increase in optical power loss as the micro-cracks elongated and propagated. Lastly, apart from previous problems with market-ready mechanical splices, it is also imposed a fire hazard due to this fusion splicing creates spark while being use on aircraft. Regulation made it clear that any devices that create spark or open flame are not permitted on fuelled aircraft. Due to the disadvantages mentioned, MDA-TA has develop their own designs for their fibre optic mechanical and chemical bond splices. The new invention of splices/connectors would be a small, one piece construction that is lightweight and could withstand aircraft environment. The new connectors that were design with environmentally sealed construction should be accepting a single mated pin and socket termini for either fibre optic cable or standard copper wire. The connectors is very adaptable and can be install anywhere directly onto fibre optic cable that might need repairs such as a splices, modification or maintenance purpose. Next figure will show the example of the newly design connectors to fit aircraft usage and regulation. Figure: Fibre Optic/ Electrical Single-Channel Splice/ Connector/ Feedthrough Contents ABSTRACT Part 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW 1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDY 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1.4 HYPOTHESIS 1.5 LIMITATION Part 2: Literature Review 2.1 Overview 2.2 FLY-BY-LIGHT AS NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEM 2.2.1 Advantages of using fibre optic cables over copper cables 2.2.2 INSTALLATION OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ON AIRCRAFT 2.2.2 FLASH PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2.2.2.1 OPEN ARCHITECTURE CONCEPT 2.2.2.2 MAJOR ASPECTS IN FLASH PROGRAM

Australian and American Female Nurses in the Armed Forces Essay

Australian and American Female Nurses in the Armed Forces To what extent were Australian and American female nurses treated as professionals in the armed forces? "We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and not to a partnership of privilege and right?" U.S President Wilson, September 1918 My research for this essay showed that although there were similarities between American and Australian attitudes towards female nurses serving in their armed forces, some elements of the American War Department were more reluctant in allowing female nurses to serve as part of the armed forces in World War One. The different types of sources consulted were useful for different purposes. For example, the Australian Defence Department website (See Web Reference 3) although very detailed, suffers the expected bias due to it being written and published by the nursing corps of the current Australian Army. I also discovered that it was essential to distinguish between different parts of the armed forces because in some instances, like the case of the US War Department and the US Army, they had conflicting views on female nurses serving in World War One. This essay shows that there was a temporary marked change in each country towards the attitude of female nurses participating in the armed forces as the war progressed. However, after the conclusion of World War One, whilst they had earned respect for the nursing profession, their contribution was still not enough to admit them into the armed forces on a permanent basis. The establishment of the Australian Army Nursing Service in New South Wales in 1898 (Adam-Smith, 1984, 16), and in America the creation... ...World War One was still not enough in proving that women nurses were capable of serving as a permanent part of the armed forces. (See Web Reference 5) Works Cited: 1. http://www.anzacday.org.au/hidtory/ww1/overview/nurses.html 2. http://www.awm.gov.au/1918/medical/nurses.htm 3. http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/main/infocentre/history/army/raanc.htm 4. http://www.skp.com.au/memorials/00010.htm 5. http://bss.sfsu.edu.tygiel/Hist427/paddison.htm 6. Bullough, V.L & Sentz, L. American Nursing, a biographical dictionary. Vol I. 2000, Springer, New York 7. Barker, M. Nightingales in the Mud: The Digger Sisters of The Great War 1914-1918, 1989, Allen and Unwin, Sydney 8. Cohen, I.B. Florence Nightingale, 1997, Springer, New York 9. Cochrane, P "Australians at War" 10. Adam-Smith, P "Australian Women at War" 1984, Thomas Nelson Australia, Hong Kong